结束毫无意义的口水和拉锯战,这里是你应该知道的事——为自由而战(四)
(泡泡特约)因特网的真正本质是一个不存在审查的领域。每一个以审查、掩盖和启示为核心的权力集团,自然都会对它怀恨在心。
这是一场战斗,数字时代每个人对无法逃避的战斗 —— 抵抗商业和政治对因特网和言论自由的压制。
为了彻底改变政权的行为,就必须清醒而大胆地思考。
这么多年来,如果说人们学到了什么东西的话,那就是政权不希望被改变。所以当今的人们必须超越前人,去思考前辈们所不能做到的方式来强化我们的技术变革。必须了解不良治理的关键生成结构,发展出一种思考这种结构的方式。
这种结构足够强大,可以穿过相互竞争的政治道德的泥潭,形成一个清晰的位置。最重要的是,必须运用这些见解来激励自己和他人,采取一种高瞻远瞩的有效行动,以更好的方式取代导致治理不善的结构。
很多人看到自己做的事情前人已经做过的时候,会感觉很踏实,并且会情不自禁地追求那种踏实的感觉。这是很糟糕的。这样做没可能创新。创新并不是标新立异,而是被时代驱动的、甚至可以说是逼迫出来的需求。
知识分子经常会引经据典,几十年或者几百年前的先人们“就是那么做的,然后他们成功了”,得出结论就是“我们可以复制他们的成功”。那可不一定。尤其是在技术飞速发育的今天,世界本身已经发生了变革,陈旧的思考方式至少可以肯定拖了进度的后腿。就如今天的你照样有机会笔墨纸砚,但肯定没我打字速度快,如果设定我们的目标都是传递信息的话。
怎么办?挑战。你不可能不犯错,但恰恰是犯错证明了你没有放弃挑战。很多自由派人士不仅爱躲避,还几乎可以算是和敌人共谋。他们希望变革能在友好和睦的状态下进行,那不可能。他们呼唤正义,但不想让任何人受苦和难堪,那不可能。
“The principal mark of genius is not perfection but originality, the opening of new frontiers.”
― Arthur Koestler
人们应该去学习下量子力学
量子力学是物理现象思考方式的一个体系,它能帮你培养出有序的思考模式。它把所有问题摆在桌面上,不会对结果做先入为主的意见。这些正是当今很多媒体所缺乏的价值,也是不辨真伪的信息消费者所缺乏的基本功。
你经常能在电视上看到媒体给支持的政客所设计的“软问题”,比如您工作的背后是否有一片爱国主义赤诚呢?、您能解释一下您支持的方案是如何刺激经济发展的吗?等等,这些问题本身就埋下了对支持立场的宣传。量子力学可不问这些问题,它教你提出有价值的问题,以引导出有用的答案,学得好能帮你形成一种挖掘式的思维体系。
它教给你用实验去证明理论,在所有因果测试结束前,不要想当然,不要假设。
量子力学是一种变革的理论。
这是信息时代,信息就是金钱和力量,正是信息在推动变革。本网几年前的文章经常会涉及一些对信息流的观察和分析,信息如何在人际间、社会间流动,就如物质在管道中流淌,这其中是谁为物质做出了贡献,估算哪种流向有助于正义的形成。
这些管道尤其重要,你必需弄明白是谁修的管道、谁付的钱,谁来维护,哪里出现了阻塞,是什么在阻塞流动。这些管道就是媒体——第四权。
Ideas are very important to the shaping of society. In fact, they are far more powerful than bombs or armies or guns. And this is because ideas are capable of spreading without limit. They are behind all the choices we make. They can transform the world in a way that governments and armies cannot. Fighting for liberty with ideas makes much more sense to me than fighting with guns or politics or political power. With ideas, we can make real change that lasts.
茫然的第四权
很多新闻工作者只是权势阶层的速记员,有些人自己或许都没有发现这点。
所有的新闻都是一种行动主义的形式,其选择都包含着高度主观的假设——文化的、政治的或民族主义的——并且服务于一派或另一派的利益。前布什D.O.J.律师杰克·戈德史密斯(Jack Goldsmith)在2011年曾经赞扬所谓的“美国新闻的爱国主义”,意思是美国媒体效忠于保护美国政府的利益和政策。这不可能是一件高尚的事情,而且绝对不是客观的:而是相当主观的,意味着经典的“宣传家”。
新闻报道唯一重要的衡量标准是准确性和可靠性。每个人都知道传统对新闻媒体客观性的原始要求,虽然如今时代变了,媒介变了,如果你必需带上主观的话,坦白地说,披露而不是隐藏自己的主观价值,才是更加诚实守信的新闻。但是,除非是以事实、证据和可证实的数据为基础,否则从最风格化的“目的性”、到明目张胆的自以为是的新闻,从来都不具有真正的价值。
计算机科学已经迅速创造出了一种信息分享者的社会,而这种分享与这种社会代表的民主和自由程度比传统的出版广播业要高很多。信息自由、以及躲避信息的自由等议题,迅速摆上了台面。
因特网就是一个可重组的管道系统,能够将观察行为和有能力行动的人互联,增加道德行为的可能性。这个时代的社会将进入一种新的模式:让媒体对观察者负责,让政府机构能够被观察,打破政府和与其沆瀣一气的第四权对信息的垄断。搜集流程已经实现了新信息与你已知的信息相结合,并根据所有不同行动者的具体情况实现语境化。这种模式下,信息流不再是某些新闻记者或某个媒体机构自己的事情,而是全社会协助的产物。
当看到一个不公正的行为而不采取行动时,你就成为了不公正的一方。那些在不公正面前反复被动的人很快就会发现他们的性格被腐蚀成奴性 —— Julian Assange
大多数被目睹的不公正行为都与治理不善有关,治理良好的时候无法应对的不公正是很少见的。由于人民的性格逐渐软弱,所报告但未得到解决的不公正现象的影响会远远大于它最初看来的那样。现代通讯通过其规模、同质性和激进性,为民众提供了一个前所未有的狂潮,你有机会去目睹那些曾经被隐匿起来的不公正。
在专制政权的内部运作中,政治精英之间的阴谋相互作用,不仅仅作用在在政权内部的升迁或倾向问题上,更有,作为保持或加强专制力量的主要方法。
信息从共谋者流向共谋者。不是每个共谋者都信任或者认识其他共谋者,尽管他们都是连接在一起的。阴谋团体往往很挑剔,有些人之间存在信任和相互依赖,而另一些人则很少。有的在阴谋者的边缘,有的在中心,有的可以和很多阴谋者交流,还有的可能只知道两个阴谋家,但此人有可能是阴谋集团重要组成部分之间的桥梁……
这就是庇护关系网。打破这张网的最佳方案就是将阴谋公开,当阴谋被揭示时,权力关系就会动摇。
“表层政府的后面有一个隐形政府,不忠于人民也不为人民负责。摧毁隐形政府,斩断腐朽的政界和商界之间的邪恶纽带,是政治家的首要任务” —— 美国第26任总统 Theodore Roosevelt
用技术武装自己
我们这代人能够钻进计算机里,借助科技之力为正义而战,打破维系不公的权力和腐败体系,这是我们的前辈做梦都想不到的机遇。
未来的世界里,力量不再属于枪杆子,而是来自于交流通讯,人不再需要通过一小群精英的认可来认识自己,而是在融入社交网络、充分挖掘巨大的政治潜能的过程中,认识自己。
英国著名思想家 John Milton 曾经对非暴力不合作有过精辟的诠释:“这样的国家绝对不会变得迟缓沉重,而可拥有敏捷的创造力和锐利的灵魂,敏于创新、健于言谈、充分企及人类智慧的最高境界”。
公民不合作并非止于反抗暴权,而是要将其彻底赶下台。暴虐势力的主要力量源泉就是他们能秘密地行使权力,计算机时代让人们终于发现,“秘密”地带正是反抗暴权的最佳地点。政权就是在用机密和庇护关系网来巩固势力的。
对大街上的抗议人群,他们用水炮冲击,对投掷汽油弹的抗议者,他们有机关枪,那些人并没有让他们吓破胆,而因特网带来了真正的反叛模式,人们有机会借助科学向世界宣布:你们不能再控制我们的想法了。
每个人都在说权利,到底什么是权力?权利指的是人自由执行可执行的行动,因此权利也意味着承担同等的责任 —— 当你承认某人拥有权力的时候就有必须承认自己有义务去保护那份权利。如果你认可民主制度,承认公民有隐私权、知情权,却对隐瞒隐藏和各种谎言的专制手段巩固袖手旁观,那你的话就跟没说一样。
专制政府打压异议人士,诋毁、囚禁、孤立他们,无所不用其极,就是为了剥夺他们说话的权力。在这个充满遮掩、秘密和各种谎言的世界里,正义赖以生存的基本权利受到严重威胁。正是知情权诞生出语话权,两者统称为知识沟通和交流的权利。
人类对正义有天生的渴求,对审查有天生的反抗,互联网就可以证明这一点。我们的父辈们理所当然地接受了传统模式的存在,但缺乏对人类制度在现代各地如何运作的详细知识,他们的反抗模式已经无法适应这个每分每秒都在更新的科技驱动的统治模式。而我们已经有了做出突破的机遇和能力。
Politics emerges as the expression of the battle between our collective desires and strenghts. Due to the common nature of mankind, there is great commonality in some of our strongest desires. When these desires do not compete they drive politics forward to ensure their forfillment. This is what we usually mean by the capitalised Right, a powerword, a threat of collective enforcement.
密码朋克
密码朋克运动在西方国家始于1992年,通过邮件列表将支持者组织起来讨论计算机科技、政治、哲学、数学等话题,Julian Assange 是其中之一。正是这些先驱为未来密码学的发展奠定了基础,他们是现代隐私权斗争的先锋。
密码学最原始的使用者是加利福尼亚的自由主义者,当时它是各州的专有财产,和今天的使用者一样,都是为了保护个人免于国家的暴政。密码学是最好的秘密武器。
很多早年的密码学家是斯坦福或麻省理工学院的天才,生活在天马行空的纯数学世界里,他们主要担心的是如何保护隐私。如果安全性无法保证,计算机时代的生活可以简简单单地被监视、控制和滥用。
时至今日,这个世界已经不是“老大哥正在看着你”的问题了,而是老大哥在控制你的手指、控制你的思维活动,禁止你独立地去发现世界、获取信息,老大哥就在你家里,就装在你刚从电子商店买回来的设备里。
Many privacy advocates justify a predominant focus on abuses by the state on the basis that the state enjoys a monopoly on coercive force. For example, Edward Snowden was reported to have said that tech companies do not “put warheads on foreheads.” This view downplays the fact that powerful corporations are part of the nexus of power around the state, and that they enjoy the ability to deploy its coercive power, just as the state often exerts its influence through the agency of powerful corporations. The movement to abolish privacy is twin-horned. Privacy advocates who focus exclusively on one of those horns will find themselves gored on the other." — Julian Assange (When Google Met Wikileaks)
你最好的武器
强大的密码学是对抗国家压迫的重要工具。但是对于密码学的推广运动,必须做得比目前更多,我们的未来并不在于几个人的自由 —— 远不限于对所谓的敏感人士的保护。
cypherpunks 的信念对致力于反权威运动的人们来说尤其重要。大众监控不仅是民主和治理的问题,甚至已经成为了地缘政治问题,强权利用技术欺凌弱者,大国利用技术威胁弱小国家的主权。
每个人都知道,一直以来是石油资源在推动全球地缘政治。石油的流动决定了谁是主导者,谁被入侵,谁会受到全球社会的排斥,对石油管道的一部分进行物理控制产生了巨大的地缘政治力量,克里姆林宫一个指令就可以让东欧和德国整个冬天没有热源……
但数字时代来了,新的游戏已经不再是石油管道的战争,而是信息管道的战争:控制海底和陆上的光纤电缆路径的战争。新的全球财富是控制连接整个大陆和各种文明的巨大数据流,连接数十亿人和组织的通信。
在互联网和电话上,来往拉丁美洲的所有线路都通过美国,这已经不是什么秘密了,互联网基础设施通过实际穿越美国边界的光纤线路将来往于南美洲的99%的流量引导出去。每一天,来自整个拉美大陆的数以亿计的信息被美国情报机构吞噬,永远存放小城市规模的仓库里。因此互联网基础设施的地理事实对拉美的独立和主权产生了直接影响。
同时,这个问题也超越了地理。许多拉美国家的政府和军队都用加密技术来保护自己的秘密。这些硬件和软件可以加密消息,然后在另一端解密。政府购买这些设施是为了保密——通常是以牺牲人民的利益为代价——因为他们害怕通讯被截取。
但是那些销售这种昂贵设备的公司基本都与美国情报界有着密切的联系。他们的首席执行官和高级职员常常是来自NSA的数学家和工程师,就发明而言,他们创造了监视状态。谁在使用这些技术或者如何使用并不重要,美国情报机构仍然可以解析信号并读取信息。
这也是为什么国际上一直在呼吁警惕对中国数字技术的引进,而美国能拒绝中国华为,但另一些较小国家就不一定能抵御低廉的价格和“来自那个大国的压力”了。技术引进也经常是以外交手段出现的,英国购买的大批中国制造的监控摄像头就是这个道理,当唐宁街明确表达了政治需求时,隐私维护者的质疑几乎虚弱无力。
足见美国不是唯一这么干的大国。乌干达等国家的互联网基础设施得到了中国直接投资的充实。大笔贷款是为了换取非洲给中国公司的合同,用于建设将学校、政府部门和社区连接到全球光纤系统的互联网骨干基础设施。
非洲人上网了,但是硬件由“超级大国”提供的。非洲互联网将成为非洲继续被征服到21世纪的手段吗?非洲是否再次成为全球大国对抗的舞台?
为了说不,他们必需掌握的就是密码学。
密码学不仅可以保护个人的公民自由和权利,而且可以保护弱小国家的主权和独立,它是有助于有共同事业的团体之间的团结和全球解放的项目,不仅可以用来战胜国家对个人的暴政,而且还可以用来打击帝国对小国的暴政。
利用这项属性去创建新世界的法律,让我们的互联网柏拉图国度从它的卫星、海底光缆和控制器中脱身出去。让这个虚拟空间在密码之幕的背后得以加固,在这里,我们可以创造一片新的国土,将那些物质现实中的控制者阻拦在外:如果他们想跟踪我们,进入我们的领土,将耗尽无尽的资源。
把互联网转换成一个监视系统,是它的核心潜力决定的。更糟糕的是,当权者已经将互联网变成了压制工具,威胁要制造出人类历史上最为极端和压迫的国家入侵武器。
国家是决定强制性权力如何持久运用,以及用在何处的系统。这种强制性权力能够在多大程度上从物理世界渗透进互联网的柏拉图国度,这个问题将由密码术和赛博朋克的理想来解答。
随着国家与互联网的融合,人类文明的未来将成为互联网的未来,我们必须重新定义权力关系。
如果直到现在还没有采取行动,互联网的普适性将让全球人类逐渐消失在一个大规模监控的天罗地网里。
Younger generations will need to invent and distribute ideas, critiques, code and technology against the legacy controls of older generations indoctrinated in submissive acceptance of authority.
Diverse, heterogenic concepts and technology will be required to oppose centralizing, homogenizing intents of the government- and commerce-dominated Internet and cellphones.
——未完待续——
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